BCS āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ -

English Grammar Notes

English Grammar: Different Topics 

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Causative verbs, Action doer, Action receiver

Action doer āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϕ⧇āω āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

I will have you do this.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤)
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ you āϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ you āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ action doer

Action receiver  āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§œā§‡, āϝāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
I will have you arrested.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĻŦ)
She had/got her husband arrested.
(āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋)
āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€/her husband āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ action receiver

have/make/let + action doer + base form
He had me write his assignment.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϏāĻžāχāύāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϞ)
The teacher made him leave the room.
(āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰ⧁āĻŽ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ)
He made me work for him.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ)
He let me go. (āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ)
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ : get + action doer + to + base form
He get me to do the work.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋)
have/make/get + action receiver + past participle
I had my hair cut. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŽ)
āύāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϚ⧁āϞ, āϤāĻžāχ āϚ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ action receiver
I got my hand burnt while cooking.
āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĒā§ā§œā§‡āϛ⧇, āφāϗ⧁āύ⧇ āĻĒ⧁⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ hand āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ action receiver [āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύ Master]
Terrorists made it known that tourists would be targeted. it āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϟāĻ•āϰāĻž āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻšāĻŦ⧇) āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ Terrorist āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāχ it āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ action receiver
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ : let + action receiver + be + participle
Let it/the work be done. (āĻāϟāĻž/āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•)
Let it not be done. (āĻāϟāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•)
Let him be arrested. (āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•)

Action Doer Vs Action Receiver

Action doer = When the noun causes the action
āϝāĻ–āύ noun āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ context āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ noun/pronoun āϟāĻŋāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž linking verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ present participle āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϰ get + action doer + infinitive, have + action doer + base form
1. The tall man standing by the door is my father.
2. Don’t disturb a sleeping baby.
3. He was run over by a running bus.
4. It was a very embarrassing situation.
5. Driving ambition is what most great leaders have in common.
Action receiver = the noun receives the action or receives the effect of the action
(noun āϟāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ noun āϟāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡)
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ context āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ noun/pronoun āϟāĻŋāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž linking verb āĻāϰ past participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
1. Broken bones always take time to mend.
2. I cut myself on a piece of broken glass.
3. Licenses of drunk/drunken drivers, when and if apprehended, should be banned with immediate effect and without showing any mercy.
4. I got my hair cut.
5. If you don’t get out of my house, right now/away,
   I will get you arrested.
or, She got her husband arrested.
5. He passed a written order.
6. There were mixed reactions after the the Bill was passed.
7. Boiled eggs were served to the players.
8. A retired officer lives next door.
9. A lost opportunity never returns.
10. The party was excellent, I would like to thank all the people concerned.

Causative verb āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇

have + action doer + base form
Or, get + action doer + full infinitive (to + base form)

The teacher had him sit/sit for the test.
I get an electrician to mend the heating.
I had him clean the floor/wash the car.

have/get + action receiver + past participle
(āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ passive āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ) 

I'm going to have my hair cut.
They had the house painted.
He had his car repaired.
While cooking she got her hand burnt.
I got my leg broken in the accident.

āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļ⧇āώ āύ⧇āχ!
He makes me learn the lesson.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ (āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ causative verb āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ make/get/have āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāϰ help āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ causative verb āύ⧟, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤)
āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāĨ¤
He helps me (to) learn the lesson.
(āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ)
He makes me understand the lesson.
(āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āύ/āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ)

āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ verb āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ let, make, have, get, help āϏāĻŦāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
He let me do it.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ/āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ)
He made me do it.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋/āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ)
He had me do it.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋/āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋)
He got me to do it.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋/āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϞ⧋)
He helped me (to) do it.
(āϏ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧋)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ : āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ PRONOUN āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ 10 āϟāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āĨ¤

01. Neither of them saw ------. [‌āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāϜ⧁āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ-ā§Ļā§Ē]
     (āĻĻ⧁āχāϜāύ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āωāχ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύāĻŋ)
A. each other     B. the other
C. one another   D. other
Ans: B (the other)
Incorrect : Neither of the saw each other.
Correct: Neither of them saw the other.
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
Neither āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ each other āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ Neither of them āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āφāϰ each other āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύ⧇āχ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ redundancy āϜāύāĻŋāϤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
(āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āφāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϤ⧋ āĻāĻ• āύ⧟āĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ either, neither, both āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ each other āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ redundant)
Incorrect : Neither of them trusts each other.
Correct: Neither of them trusts the other.
(āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āωāχ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž)
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ,
Neither side trusts the other.
(āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āωāχ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž)
āφāϰāĻ“ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
Reza and Runa are spouses but neither of them loves the other (each other āύ⧟)
Rahim and Rubel were close friends. Now neither of them (likes)/(talks to) the other.
It's an absurd situation. Neither of them will talk to the other.

02. Humans are the only factors in the ecosystem ------  are responsible for the changes in the ecology.
(āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€)
A. which      B. whom      C. who      D. what
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : A (which)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž : āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāϤāĻŽ antecedent āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ factors āϤāĻžāχ pronoun āϟāĻŋ which āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Humans āφāϰ the only factors āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ antecedent (Humans āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ ecosystem āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ humans āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ factors āϤāĻžāχ ecosystem āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ antecedent āύ⧟, factors āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ which)

āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ, the only āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ that āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ which āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ that āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Man is the only animal that uses language/fire.

03. Choose the correct sentence.
a) None of the three will do it.
b) Neither of the three will do
c) Either of the three will do.
d) Anybody of the three will do.
Ans:d
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
a) āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ  three āĻĒāϰ⧇ persons (boys/men)/things (pens/book) āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
b) & c) āϤ⧇ either, neither āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ either, neither āĻĻ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
d) āϤ⧇ anybody āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
anybody of three will do. (āϤāĻŋāύāϜāύ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇āχ āϚāϞāĻŦ⧇)⧎ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž d)

04. Which one of the following sentences is correct? [DU 1999-00, IU G 2013-14]
A) Selim, you and I shall be punished.
B) I, you and Selim shall be punished.
C) You, me and Selim shall be punished.
D) You, Selim and I shall be punished.
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ D
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ A text book of advanced functional English by Mohiuddin & Kashem āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ correction āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:
You, Selim and I shall be punished.
āĻāϟāĻž (āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž) āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāχ 231 āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ Subject pronoun āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻā§‹āώ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋
āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ 123 āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 132 āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ Subject pronoun āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
I, you and he committed the crime/murder.
I, you and he are to blame.
I, you and he are guilty.
I, you and he are at fault ( = responsible) for this.
I and you broke the glass.
I and you stole the bicycle.

05. Let  -  introduce  -  to  -  . [CU E, Law 2015-16]
A. my, you, his   
B. me, you, him
C. myself, yourself, himself
D. mine, yours, he
E. him, she, their
Ans:B

verb āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ object form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
Let me introduce you to him.
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāχ)

āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ, āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ 231 āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āϤ⧋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ 231 āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āĻāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ 231
The man kindly helped you, him and me.

06. Choose the correct sentence.
[āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ŧ]
A. The presents are for you and me.
B. The presents are for you and I.
C. The presents are for me and you.
D. The presents are for I and we.
Ans:A

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ be verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ preposition 'for' āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ object form āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 231 āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ The presents are for you and me.
(āωāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ)

āϧāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ•āĻž!
One of + possessive determiner + plural noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ A + noun + of + possessive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
[āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ of āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ objective pronoun (me, him, you) āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϭ⧁āϞ]

possessive pronouns:
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

One of my brothers is a doctor.
= A brother of mine is a doctor.
One of my laptops has been lost.
= A laptop of mine has been lost.
He is a friend of mine. ( = one of my friends)
I heard the news from a relative of his.
( = one of his relatives)
He is an old friend of mine. = He is one of my friends and we have been friends for a long time/I have known him for a long time.

07. When a man tended to know how I had got - contact number, I told him that I was given it by a relative of --.  [BSMRSTU (F) 18-19]
A. him/him   B. his/bim
C. him/his     D. his/his
Ans:D
a relative of his = one of his relatives

08. A laptop of - has been lost. [MBSTU (B) 16-17]
   (āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāϟāĻĒ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇) 
A. my   B. mine   C. me   D. I
Ans:B
A laptop of mine = one of my laptops

09. You shouldn’t say nasty things about Jessica.
   She is a friend of ---. [CU E 02-03]
A. her   B. you C. ours  D. me
Ans:C
She is a friend of ours = She is one of our friends.

10. A snake can eat and digest animals much larger than -------------. [DU B 2013-14]
(āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏāĻžāĻĒ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻŦ⧜ āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāϜāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)
A. it    B. itself   C. its    D. it has
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ B. itself
āϝāĻ–āύ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ verb/preposition āĻāϰ object āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ object āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧇ reflexive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Incorrect: I love me. 
Correct: I love myself.
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻž Barron's TOEFL āĻāϰ Problem 50 āĻāϰ Part A āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than ---
A. it    B. itself    C. its    D. it has
Ans: B. (itself)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

=====================

MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ NOUN āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ 11 āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύāĨ¤

01. The committee ---- unable to agree on this question.
A. is  B. was   C. were   D. none
Ans:C (British English āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤)
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ A text book of Advanced Functional English by Mohiuddin & Kashem āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĨ¤
The committee were unable to agree on this question/point. (āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇/āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋ)
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ unable to agree = disagree
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āύ⧟, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb (were) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ 
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary āϤ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
The jury was unable to reach a verdict.

02. I recognised your voice at once.
Here 'voice' is a/an ----- noun
A) common  B) abstract
C) material   D) none
Ans:A
voice āĻāϰ plural form āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article 'a/an' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāχ voice āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ common noun
I could hear the sound of several voices.
She could hear voices in the kitchen.
I could hear voices in the next room.
He spoke in a loud/clear/deep voice.
"I can't bear it," he said in a choked voice.

03. Which of the following word is not similar to 'school'? [IU āϚ 10-11, BBA 15-16]
A. flock  B. herd  C. college D. pack
Ans:C
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ school āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇  collective noun āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤  flock, herd, pack āĻāϰāĻžāĻ“ collective noun āφāϰ college āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ common noun

04. An army is ---
A. Common noun
B. Collective noun
Ans:B
Collective noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article (a/an/the) āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ a team, the committee, a family, an army
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ plural āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϰāĻž common noun āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
two teams, many teams, several families, many families, five families āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

05. āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ Abstract noun?
[āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϏāĻžāύāĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŽ)-⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍]
A. Agency
B. Infant
C. Anxious
D. Grand
Ans: A (Agency-āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ)
Infant (common noun) - infancy (abstract noun)
[infantry (āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀)- collective noun ]
Anxious (adjective) - Anxiety (abstract noun)
Grand (adjective) - grandeur (āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāύāϜāĻžāϰ)- abstract noun

06. What kind of noun is 'money'?     [IU H 14- 15,
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧀-⧧⧝]
A. collective   B. abstract
C. countable  D. uncountable
Ans:D
What kind of noun 'money'?  [āĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• (āϏ⧇āĻĢāϟāĻŋ) ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
A. collective noun  B. abstract noun
C. countable noun  D. uncountable noun
Ans:D
Money āϕ⧇āύ uncountable noun?

Money āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž "āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž" āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ money āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ "āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž" āĻŦāϞ⧇? āύāĻž, āĻŦāϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
(āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž, āĻĄāϞāĻž, āĻĒāĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ, āύ⧋āϟ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻ•)
a money, one money, two moneys, moneys āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āϤāĻžāχ money āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ uncountable noun āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
uncountable noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a/an, number āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāϰ plural form āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ money āĻāϰ countable noun āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ a dollar, a pound, a taka, a note, a coin āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

Star āϕ⧇āύ countable noun?

07. Which one of the following fall under uncountable noun? [SUST B 2008-09]
A. Star   B. Rice     C. Field   C. Foe (āĻĢ⧌-āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁)
Ans:B
Star āϕ⧇ countable noun āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ?
Man, cow āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ star āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a/an āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, star āĻāϰ plural āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
The sun is a star.
There are millions of stars in space. (the space āύ⧟)
We looked up at the stars in the sky. 
The sky is devoid of stars.
At night you can see the stars.
(star āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ, āĻ—āϰ⧁āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ“ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ, āϏāĻŦ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰāĻž countable noun āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇) 
The sun is a -------.  
[IFIC Bank Ltd. Transaction Service Officer 2019]
A. Asteroid    B. Star
C. Planet        D. Matter
Ans:B

āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤
08. Journey āϕ⧋āύ noun?
A. Abstract noun     B. Common noun
Ans: B
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
Journey āĻāϰ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ countable noun āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a/an āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ plural āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāχ journey āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ common noun
A journey by bus/train/boal/plane etc.
Last year we had a journey across Europe by train.
I made a journey of 10 miles by car.
I wish you a safe journey.
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ)
= (May you) Have a safe journey!
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšā§‹āĻ•)
It is a seven-hour train journey from Rajshahi to Dhaka. (āϰāĻžāϜāĻļāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻžāϤ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ)
I love going on long journeys.
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Travel āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ uncount noun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ Abstract noun
My job involves a lot of travel.
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ
āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ (journeys) āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ travels āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
Gulliver's Travels is still favourite. 
The novel is based on his travels in Europe.

09. Prices have increased by ---- 300 percent.
Applications have risen --- by 60% this year.
A. as many as
B. as much as
Ans:B (as much as)
Per cent /percent (%) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāχ as much as āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ as much as āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ as little as āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Prices have risen/increased by as much as 300%.
Prices have reduced/decreased by as little as 30%

10. It costs relatively --- and you can save a lot.
A. a little    B. little   C. small
Ans: B (little)
relatively + positive degree of adjective/adverb
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ cost āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ adverb āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāϰ little āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ adjective āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adverb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž It + costs + relatively little āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Subject + LV (linking verb) + relatively small.
It is relatively small. It costs relatively little.

11. ----- in this display is on sale.
[āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝ⧁āϰ⧋āϰ āωāĻĒ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§­]
A. Each furniture
B. Each pieces of furniture
C. Each piece of furniture
D. Each furnitures
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ C. Each piece of furniture
Each piece of furniture in this display is on sale.
(UK- āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ US- āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
Each, Every, Another āĻāχ determiner āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ singular countable noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ furniture āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ Each āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ uncountable noun "furniture" āϕ⧇ countable noun āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ piece of āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž item of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ Each āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ singular āϤāĻžāχ Each piece of furniture āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ-
āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ furniture āφāϰ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ piece/item of furniture

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ :
ā§§. āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
    The furniture of the office will be sold.
⧍. āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻĒāĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
The piece of furniture serves a dual purpose as a cupboard and as a table.

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž
1. The only piece/item of furniture he has in his bedroom is a bed.
(āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āϤāĻžāϰ āϘāϰ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻžāύāĻž)
2. Each piece of furniture in this display is on sale.
(āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

========

A most Vs The most

He saw -- most wonderful sight.
[IU āĻ— 12-13, C 16-17]
He leads --- most unhappy life.
(āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϝāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇)
[āĻĒāĻŋāĻāϏāϏāĻŋ’āϰ āϏāϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āϏāϚāĻŋāĻŦ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ģ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝ⧁āϰ⧋āϰ āĻĄāĻžāϟāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋ/āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āϟāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
A. the       B. an    
C. a          D. all
Ans: C (a)

A most āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ–āύ?
most āϝāĻ–āύ very āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ adjective +noun āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ most āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϪ⧇āϰ āφāϧāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ formal English āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Master is a most helpful book of English for competitive exams.
A most helpful book = A very helpful book
I saw a most wonderful sight.
It's a most important issue and we need to discuss it.

He leads a most unhappy life. [RU BBA 2003-04]
(Make it Assertive to Exclamatory sentence)
A. What a unhappy life he leads!
B. What an unhappy life he lead!
C. What an unhappy life he leads!
D. What a unhappy life he lead!
Ans:C

āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ the most
She is the most beautiful girl in the university.
( --- āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ --)

āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇
She is a most beautiful girl.
(---- āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ ----)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

===============

āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
William Shakespeare āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

1. The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones. [Julius Caeser]
(āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇/āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ; āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻļāχ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤)

2. I am a man more sinned against than sinning.
[King Lear] (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)

3. My love is richer than my tongue." 
(āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟āĨ¤) [King Lear]

4. Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. [Julius Caeser] (āĻ•āĻžāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ⧇āϰāĻž āĻŽāϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϰ⧇; āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰāχ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤) 

5. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown--William Shakespeare. (āϰāĻžāϜāĻŽā§āϕ⧁āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻŽā§āϕ⧁āϟ āύāĻž āφāϗ⧁āύ⧇āϰ āĻĄāĻžāϞāĻžāĨ¤) [King Henry-4]

6. There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. [Hamlet]
(āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āύ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻŽāύ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāχ/āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāχ āϕ⧋āύ⧋  āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤)

7. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.
[Twelfth Night]
(āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻĒāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤)

8. All the world's a stage
    And all the men and women are merely players. (āϏāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϟāĻžāχ āϰāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ•āϞ āύāϰ-āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϕ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāĻŦāĨ¤) [As You Like It]

9. Brevity is the soul of wit. [Hamlet]
(āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤāϤāĻž āϰāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ/āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āĻž āϞ⧋āϕ⧇āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ)

10. There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in our philosophy.
[Hamlet] (āĻšā§‹āϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ“, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϤ⧇āĻ“ āϝāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ“ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤)
āĻāχ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

11. Sweet are the uses of adversity. (As You Like It)
(āĻĻ⧁āσāϖ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻŽāϧ⧁āϰāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ⧟ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒ āύ⧟, āφāĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)

12. The miserable have no other medicine but only hope. [Measure for Measure] (āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻšāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ”āώ⧁āϧ/āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϜ āύāĻžāχāĨ¤)

13. To be, or not to be; that is the question. [Hamlet]
[āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž; āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāχ āϤ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ)
āĻāχ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž Hamlet āĻāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāσāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Shakespeare āĻāϰ Hamlet āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āϤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ  āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ soliloquy āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤

14. Veni, Vidi, Vici. [Julius Caeser]
(āφāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āϜ⧟ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

15. Frailty, thy name is woman. [Hamlet]
(āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϰāϤāĻž, āϤ⧋āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāχ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤ = āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϰāϤāĻž)

16. Better three hours too soon than a minute too late. [The Merry Wives of Windsor ]
āĻ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•āϤāĻž āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

17. There is a divinity that shapes our ends.
(āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝāχ/āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϐāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ/āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ) āĻāχ view (āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ Hamlet āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āĨ¤

18. Corruption wins not more than honesty.
(āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϏāϤāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻž)

19. Conscience does make cowards of us all.
(āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻ• āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇ āĻ­ā§€āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžā§Ÿ)

20. Our enemies are outward consciences.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āϏāĻĻāĻž āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϰāĻžāϖ⧇)

21. Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall.
[Measure for Measure]
(āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āφāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻŖā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āĻĒāϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ“ āϕ⧇āω āϞāĻžāĻ­āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āφāϰ āĻ¸ā§Ž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“/āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ)
āφāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ Master āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ Quotation āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

===============

āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§€ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ MASTER

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ—āϤ āύāύ, āωāύāĻžāϰāĻž āϏ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āφāĻŽāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ…āϚāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•

āĻāĻ–āύ part of speech āϕ⧇ word class āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āύ āϤāĻž ā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ ā§§ā§§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ determiner, number/numeral āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ article
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāϗ⧇ noun āĻŽā§‹āϟ ā§Ģ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤
āĻāĻ–āύ noun āĻŽā§‹āϟ ā§Ē āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
material noun āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Traditional grammar āĻ gerund āφāϰ present participle āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Modern grammar āĻ gerund term āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ verb+ing āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϤāĻž present participle
āφāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ part of speech āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ gerund āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ present participle āϏāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ ā§Ļā§§.
āφāϗ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋, āĻāĻ–āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Traditional grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ the āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ The Hindus, The Muslims
āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: The Hindus have the custom of burning the dead. (āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āφāϛ⧇)
The Ganges is sacred to the Hindus.
(āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻž āύāĻĻā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ)

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Modern grammar āĻ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Muslims fast during the Ramadan.
(āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāϰāĻž āϰāĻŽāϜāĻžāύ⧇ āϰ⧋āϜāĻž āϰāĻžāϖ⧇)
Cows are sacred to Hindus.
(āĻ—āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ)

Traditional grammar āĻ the measles, the mumps, the gout āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋, āĻāĻ–āύ Modern grammar āĻ the āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

ā§Ļ⧍. āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
No pains, no gains. (Old-fashioned)
No pain, no gain.
(Modern/Present)
āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ/āϞāĻžāχ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āωāϠ⧇āĨ¤
Give him an inch, and he will take an ell. (Old-fashioned)
Give sb an inch (and they'll take a mile/yard)
= Give him an inch, and he will take a mile/yard. (Modern/Present)

ā§Š. pronoun āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
(āĻ•) Traditional grammar āĻ comparative āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ than āϕ⧇ conjunction āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ subjective pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ āϤāĻž old-fashioned āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ much too formalāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, as + positive degree of adjective + as āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ subjective pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻ–āύ old-fashioned āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ formal āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ be verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ subject form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ 
Traditional grammar āĻ
He is taller than I.
He is as good as I.
It is I.
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ than, as, be verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Modern grammar āĻ object form āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
You're taller than me. (than as preposition)
You're taller than I am.
Hello, It's me.
If anyone's to blame, It's me.
A: 'Who's there?' B: 'Only me.'
He doesn’t earn as much as me.
He doesn’t earn as much as I do.
(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ as, than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ I āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
old-fashioned āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž much too formal )

ā§Ļā§Ē. Preposition āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
ā§Ļā§§āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϞ⧋āĻ­ā§€ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ traditional grammar āĻ greedy of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤
He is greedy of/after riches. (P K De Sarkar)
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ Modern grammar āĻ greedy for āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He is greedy for power/success.
The shareholders are greedy for profit. (OALD)

He has no taste for music. (Traditional)
He has no taste in music. (Modern)

ā§Ļ⧍āĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ (-) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ come of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ,
āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ come from āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
He comes of a good family.
He comes of a respectable family.

āĻāĻ–āύ Modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ come from āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He comes from a good family.
He comes from a family of actors.
My wife comes from a pretty rich family.

Traditional grammar āĻ 'āϖ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž' āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ (remove clothes, shoes etc) āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ put off, take off āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤
āĻāĻ–āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ take off āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ (put off āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž)
āϤāĻžāχ put on āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ take off āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ (put off āύ⧟)
āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āφāϗ⧇ (form, gap) āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ fill up āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋, āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ fill in/fill out āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϚ⧁āϞ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
My hair is falling out. (Modern)
āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ
My hair is falling off. (Traditional)
āĻāϟāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟āĨ¤

āφāϗ⧇ mankind āϕ⧇ plural noun āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤
Mankind are never quite happy.
Mankind are worried about war.
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ mankind āϕ⧇ uncountable noun āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
Mankind ( = the human race) is at stake.
(āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ)
Mankind has marvelled at diamonds for at 2000 years. (OALD)
Mankind has always been obsessed by power. (CALD)

plural numeral + pair of + plural noun -
(traditional grammar)
I have three pair of shoes.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āϜ⧁āϤāĻž āφāϛ⧇)
plural numeral + pairs of plural noun
(modern standard)
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in their cells. (āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āώ⧇ ā§¨ā§Š āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰ⧋āĻŽā§‹āĻœā§‹āĻŽ āφāϛ⧇)

All are invited/preset. All is lost. (TG)
Everybody is invited/present. (MG)
Everything is lost. (MG)

āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻļā§€āϞ āφāϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻļā§€āϞāĨ¤

Enough, One as noun/pronoun

One would think he was mad.
(One is noun- Wren & Martin)
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ one āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ pronoun āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

The little ones cried for joy.
(ones is pronoun, Wren & Martin)
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ little one  ( = a young child) āϕ⧇ informal āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ noun āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ spoken āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
The little ones ( = young children) can play in the garden while we get lunch ready.

I have had enough of this.
(Enough is noun- Wren & Martin)
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ modern grammar āĻ enough āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ pronoun āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

determiner āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ adjective?

All men are mortal. It was all profit and no loss.
Are there any witnesses present?
You cannot have it both ways.
Either bat is good enough.
There is time enough and to spare.
There is little danger in going there.
There is much sense in what he says.
Neither accusation is true.
It is no joke.
One day I met him in the street.
What is that noise?
What evidence have you got?
āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ noun āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻž word āϟāĻŋ (all, any, both, either, enough, little, much, neither, no, one, that, what) High School English Grammar- Wren & Martin āĻāχ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ adjective āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ (traditional grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇)
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϰāĻž adjective āύ⧟, determiner āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ Oxford/Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧟ modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āϤāĻžāχ Dictionary āϤ⧇ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ noun āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ determiner āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āύ Modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āφāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ⧇ determiner āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ⧇ determiner āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ determiner āχ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ adjective āĻ“ determiner āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ determiner āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
modern grammar āĻ determiners are not adjectives
Traditional grammar āĻ function āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ adjective āĻĻ⧁āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ descriptive adjective āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ limiting adjective; āĻāĻ–āύ modern grammar āĻ descriptive adjective āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ adjective āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āφāϰ limiting adjective {article, adjective of quantity/number,  pronominal adjective (possessive, demonstrative, distributive adjective, interrogative adjective, relative adjective, exclamatory adjective) āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ determiner āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤

Oxford/Cambridge advanced Learner's Dictionary āϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϟāĻžāχāĻĒāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) āϤ⧇ ā§ŽāĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ minute āĻāϰ comparative āύ⧇āχāĨ¤
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ ⧝āĻŽ āĻ comparative & superlative āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ
āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, OALD āϤ⧇ ā§­āĻŽ-ā§ŽāĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ sparse āĻāϰ comparative āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ sparser, no superlative
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ ⧝āĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇
sparse āĻāϰ superlative āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ sparsest

āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, OALD ā§ŽāĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇
wary -- warier (comparative) --- no superlative
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇
wary - warier (comparative) - wariest (superlative)

ā§ŽāĻŽ-⧝āĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻļāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ Caesarean
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ ā§§ā§ĻāĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ caesarean

In the public interest : Master Jahangir Alam

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What type of noun is "Chemistry"?
[āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž]
A. Proper noun
B. Abstract noun
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: B
āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ : āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ High School English Grammar -Wren & Martin āĻāϰ āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ 
āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, The names of Arts ans Sciences are abstract nouns. grammar, chemistry, music etc.
āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ Abstract nounāχ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
He did physics and chemistry at university. (OALD)
She studied chemistry and physics at university.
(CALD)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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Anxious about sth Vs anxious to do sth

Anxious about something = āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—ā§āύ
The mother was anxious about the safety of her son.
Students are anxious about their results.

Anxious to do something = āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤
I am anxious to read the book that you spoke of yesterday.
We are always anxious to buy the best products in the market.
When the book came out, I was very anxious to know about the sales. (āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦāχāϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāϞ⧋/āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻšāϞ⧋, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

Translate :
āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ āϖ⧇āĻ˛ā§‹ā§ŸāĻžā§œāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϚāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāϚāĻž āϟāĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§‹ āĻ›ā§ā§œā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ“ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ :
(āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ) āĻ›ā§ā§œā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ pelt āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŽ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Pelt somebody with something = to attack somebody throwing things at them

People pelted the players with rotten tomatoes and rotten eggs. (āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ āϖ⧇āϞ⧁⧟āĻžā§œāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϚāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāϚāĻž āϟāĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§‹ āĻ›ā§ā§œā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ⧋)
Rioters pelted police with bricks and bottles.
(āĻĻāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϜāϰāĻž āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļāϕ⧇ āχāϟ āĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āϤāϞ āĻ›ā§ā§œā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ)
They pelted him with rotten eggs.
(āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϚāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›ā§ā§œā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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Nice to meet you  vs   Nice meeting you

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ⧇ Nice to meet you. ( = It's nice to meet you.) āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž friendly greeting āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Hello, Nice to meet you at last.
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ (farewell/goodbye) āϜāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Nice meeting/talking to you. ( = It's been nice meeting/talking to you. āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇/āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϞ⧋) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ Nice to see you. āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Nice to see you again. āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤

Sorry to disturb you vs Sorry to have disturbed you

āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡āχ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ– āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ sorry to disturb you āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
(I'm) Sorry to disturb you; could I speak to you for a moment/ may I trouble you for a moment?
āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ– āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ sorry to have disturbed you āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
I'm sorry to have disturbed you yesterday.
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, I'm sorry for disturbing you. āωāϭ⧟ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž past situation āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Disturb āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ verb āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (current situation) āĻ āϘāϟāĻž, āϝāĻž āϚāϞāϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž  āĻšāϤ⧇/āϘāϟāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŦ⧇āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇  apology āĻŦāĻž āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ sorry + infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Sorry to keep you waiting; we can start now.
A: Sorry to keep you waiting so long.
B: That's all right.
I'm sorry to tell you that you failed the exam.
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ more formal āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ sorry + have + past participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āϤāĻŦ⧇ sorry + that clause āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ informal āĻ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Sorry to have kept you waiting so long yesterday.
I'm sorry to have woken you up.
(Or, I'm sorry that I woke you up.)
āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ sorry for/about + v+ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
I'm sorry for/about losing my temper this morning.
(Or, I'm sorry that I lost my temper.)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻ•āĻŽāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāύāĻž āύ⧇āχ!

ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ GPA 4.8 āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ [HSTU 10-11]
A. I have got GPA 4.8 from 5.
B. I have got GPA 4.8 among 5.
C. Out of 5, I have got GPA 4.8
D. Out of 4.8, I have got GPA 5.
āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ C
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
Out of 5, I have got a 4.8 GPA.
Out of 5, I have got a GPA of 4.8.

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ  noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ not āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Auxiliary verb āĻāϰ contracted āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ noun/pronoun āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ› āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž? [MBSTU A 12-13]
Does he not like fish? (Does not he āύ⧟)
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, Doesn’t he like fish? (āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ:
Active : Do not do it.
Passive : Let it not be done.
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Let not it be done āĻāϟāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ ā§Š āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āĨ¤

āϞāĻžāχāύ ā§§ āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĨ¤ (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§Ļā§§)

1. 'Sweet are the uses of adversity.' was stated by -
Ans: Shakespeare (From 'As You Like It')

2. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ?
Ans: āĻĻ⧁āσāϖ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻŽāϧ⧁āϰāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ⧟ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒ āύ⧟, āφāĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤

3. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Here 'Sweet' is - [JKKNIU (A) 13-14]
Ans: Adjective

4. Sweet - the uses of adversity.
[CU I 13-14, B1 15-16, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧀ (āĻĒ⧁āϰ) ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
Shakespeare is of the view that "Sweet - the uses of adversity. "
Ans: are
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ inversion/fronting āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ predicative adjective 'sweet' āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ subject āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ the uses of adversity āϝāĻžāϰ head word 'uses' āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ plural āϤāĻžāχ verb plural (are) āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇-
The uses of adversity is sweet. (normal)
Sweet are the uses of adversity.(emphatic/inverted)

5. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Here 'adversity' means
Ans: difficulty

āϞāĻžāχāύ ā§§ āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĨ¤ (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§Ļ⧍)
1. The quote "All that glitters is not gold" is from which play of Shakespeare?
Ans: The Merchant of Venice

2. All that glitters - not gold.
Ans: is

3. āϚāĻ•āϚāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āχ āϏ⧋āύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ -
Ans: All that glitters is not gold.

4. "All that glitters is not gold" is a - sentence.
Ans : Complex

5. All that glitters is not gold. Here 'that' is
Ans: Relative pronoun

6. All that glitters is not gold. Here 'glitters' is
Ans:Verb

7. Choose the correct sentence.
Ans: All that glitters is not gold.

8. All that glitters is not gold. Here 'gold' is -
Ans: Material noun

9. All that glitters is not gold. Here 'that glitters' is
Ans: Adjective clause

āϞāĻžāχāύ ā§§āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĨ¤ (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§Ļā§Š)

1. None but the brave deserves ---
Ans: the fair

2. None but the brave --- the fair.
Ans: deserves/deserve

3. None but --- brave deserves --- fair.
Ans: the, the

4. None but the brave deserves the fair. āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ-
Ans: āĻŦā§€āϰ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āϧāϰāĻž (āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)āĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀āϰāĻžāχ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀āϰāĻžāχ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ (āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ•)āĨ¤

5. None but the brave deserves the fair.
(Make it affirmative)
Ans: Only the brave deserve the fair.

6. None but the brave deserves the fair.
Here 'but' is
Ans: Preposition
7. None but the brave deserves the fair.
Here 'brave' is
Ans: Noun (substantive)

8. None but the brave deserves the fair.
Here 'the brave' is
Ans: Plural common noun

9. "None but the brave deserves the fair' who quoted?
Ans: John Dryden

āϞāĻžāχāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§Ļā§Š)

1. ''Look before you leap' means- [KU A 18-19]
Ans: beware/be wary/be cautious (āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)

2. Look before you leap. āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ-
[ā§­āĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§]
Ans: āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜāĨ¤

3. āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
[ā§§ā§ĒāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāώāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ (⧍) ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§­]
Ans: Look before you leap. (āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
(Think before you do anything. āĻāχ āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āύ⧟)

4. Always look before you --- [JnU D 07-08]
Ans: leap

5. Choose the correct sentence. [BRUR C 12-13]
Ans: Look before you leap.

6. Look before you leap. The word 'before' in the sentence is -- [ā§§ā§§āϤāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ -ā§§ā§Ē]
Ans: conjunction (adverb āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž preposition āύ⧟)

7. Look before you leap.
Here 'Look' is- [RU A2 17-18]
Ans:The principal clause

(You) + look = principal clause
before you leap = subordinate clause/adverbial clause of time

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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a = ei (āĻāχ)   [āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϟ ]

able (āĻāχāĻŦāϞ)                ableism (āĻāχāĻŦāϞāĻŋāϜāĻŽ)
enable (āχāύāĻāχāĻŦāϞ)       capable (āϖ⧇āχāĻĒāĻžāĻŦāϞ)
capably (āϖ⧇āχāĻĒāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ)
age (āĻāχāϜ)                aged (āĻāχāϜāĻĄ)
cage (āϖ⧇āχāϜ)   case (āϖ⧇āχāϏ)
page (āĻĒ⧇āχāϜ)             rage (āϰ⧇āχāϜ)     sage (āϏ⧇āχāϜ)      
ageing (āĻāχāϜāĻŋāĻ‚)         alien (āĻāχāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ)
alienate (āĻāχāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ⧇āχāϟ) 
agent (āĻāχāϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)       agency (āĻāχāϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ)
ancient (āĻāχāύāĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)
alienation (āĻāχāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ⧇āχāĻļāύ)
apex (āĻāχāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āϏ)             April (āĻāχāĻĒā§āϰāϞ)
apron (āĻāχāĻĒā§āϰāύ)  
atheism (āĻāχāĻĨāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻŽ)     atheist (āĻāχāĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟ)
atheistic (āĻāχāĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•)
aviary (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰāĻŋ-āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞāĻž)
avian (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ)
aviation (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ-āĻāχāĻļāύ)
aviator ( āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ-āĻāχāϟāĻžāϰ)
aviculture (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϞāϚāĻžāϰ)
avionics (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ⧟āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏ)    avionic (āĻāχāĻ­āĻŋ⧟āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•)
baby (āĻŦ⧇āχāĻŦāĻŋ)      navy (āύ⧇āχāĻ­āĻŋ)      native (āύ⧇āχāϟāĻŋāĻ­)
laser (āϞ⧇āχāϜāĻžāϰ)  major (āĻŽā§‡āχāϜāĻžāϰ)
razor (āϰ⧇āχāϜāĻžāϰ)

ace (āĻāχāϏ)     grace (āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āχāϏ)  lace (āϞ⧇āχāϏ) pace (āĻĒ⧇āχāϏ)
apace (āφāĻĒ⧇āχāϏ) space (āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āχāϏ) spate (āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āχāϟ)
race (āϰ⧇āχāϏ)     racial (āϰ⧇āχāĻļāϞ)
face (āĻĢ⧇āχāϏ)    facial (āĻĢ⧇āχāĻļāϞ)
fate (āĻĢ⧇āχāϟ)     gate (āϗ⧇āχāϟ)    hate (āĻšā§‡āχāϟ)    late (āϞ⧇āχāϟ)
mate (āĻŽā§‡āχāϟ)    make (āĻŽā§‡āχāĻ•)  made (āĻŽā§‡āχāĻĄ)
sate (āϏ⧇āχāϟ)     rate (āϰ⧇āχāϟ)      cate (āϖ⧇āχāϟ)

cable (āϖ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ)    table (āϠ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ)  label (āϞ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ)

cake (āϖ⧇āχāĻ•)  bake (āĻŦ⧇āχāĻ•)

brake (āĻŦā§āϰ⧇āχāĻ•) make (āĻŽā§‡āχāĻ•) sake (āϏ⧇āχāĻ•) take (āϠ⧇āχāĻ•)
fake (āĻĢ⧇āχāĻ•) lake (āϞ⧇āχāĻ•) rake (āϰ⧇āχāĻ•)

pale (āĻĒ⧇āχāϞ) bale (āĻŦ⧇āχāϞ)  sale (āϏ⧇āχāϞ) tale (āϠ⧇āχāϞ)
male (āĻŽā§‡āχāϞ) female (āĻĢāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āχāϞ) gale (āϗ⧇āχāϞ- āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻā§œ)
kale (āϖ⧇āχāϞ)

radius (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϏ) radii (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāφāχ)
data (āĻĄā§‡āχāĻ āĻž)   nadir (āύ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāφāϰ)

taste (āϠ⧇āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ)    tasty (āϠ⧇āχāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋ)   lazy (āϞ⧇āχāϜāĻŋ)
chaste (āĻšā§‡āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ)  paste (āĻĒ⧇āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ)

status (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāϟāĻžāϏ)   stake (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāĻ•)
station (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāĻļāύ)  stationary (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχ-āĻļāύāĻžāϰāĻŋ)

straight (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āχāϟ)   strain (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āχāύ)
strange (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āχāĻžā§āϜ)  strangely (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āχāĻžā§āϜāϞāĻŋ)
stranger (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āχāύāϜāĻžāϰ)
state (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāϟ), stately (āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāϟāϞāĻŋ)

phrase (āĻĢā§āϰ⧇āχāϜ)
plane (āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āχāύ)

range (āϰ⧇āχāĻžā§āϜ)  hatred (āĻšā§‡āχāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻĄ) sacred (āϏ⧇āχāĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻĄ)

patient (āĻĒ⧇āχāĻļāĻ¨ā§āϟ)   patiently (āĻĒ⧇āχāĻļāĻ¨ā§āϟāϞāĻŋ)
patience (āĻĒ⧇āχāĻļāĻ¨ā§āϏ)

basic (āĻŦ⧇āχāϏāĻŋāĻ•)  base (āĻŦ⧇āχāϏ)  based (āĻŦ⧇āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ)
basically (āĻŦ⧇āχāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ)  basis (āĻŦ⧇āχāϏāĻŋāϏ)

inspiration (āχāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĒāĻŋāϰ⧇āχāĻļāύ)
inspirational (āχāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĒāĻŋāϰ⧇āχāĻļāύāĻžāϞ)
invitation (āχāύāĻ­āĻŋāϠ⧇āχāĻļāύ)
installation (āχāĻ¨ā§āϏāϟāϞ⧇āχāĻļāύ)

motivate (āĻŽāϟāĻŋāϭ⧇āχāϟ)    motivation (āĻŽāϟāĻŋāϭ⧇āχāĻļāύ)
motivational (āĻŽā§‹āϟāĻŋāϭ⧇āχāĻļāύāĻžāϞ)

radial (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϞ)     radially (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϞāĻŋ)
radiate (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āχāϟ) radiation (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āχāĻļāύ)
radiant (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ) radiance (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ)
radian (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ)   radon (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻžāύ)
radium (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽ) radiology (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϞāϜāĻŋ)
radiometric (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϊāĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•)
radiometrically (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ)
ratio (āϰ⧇āχāĻļāĻŋāĻ“āω)

rave (āϰ⧇āχāĻ­)  raven (āϰ⧇āχāĻ­āύ)
raze (āϰ⧇āχāϜ) glaze (āĻ—ā§āϞ⧇āχāϜ) maze (āĻŽā§‡āχāϜ)

cable (āϖ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ) fable (āĻĢ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ) sable (āϏ⧇āχāĻŦāϞ)
maple (āĻŽā§‡āχāĻĒāϞ)

came (āϖ⧇āχāĻŽ) dame (āĻĄā§‡āχāĻŽ) game (āϗ⧇āχāĻŽ)
frame (āĻĢā§āϰ⧇āχāĻŽ)
fame (āĻĢ⧇āχāĻŽ) famous (āĻĢ⧇āχāĻŽāĻžāϏ)
lame (āϞ⧇āχāĻŽ) tame (āϠ⧇āχāĻŽ)  name (āύ⧇āχāĻŽ)
same (āϏ⧇āχāĻŽ) shame (āĻļ⧇āχāĻŽ)

safe (āϏ⧇āχāĻĢ) shape (āĻļ⧇āχāĻĢ) shade (āĻļ⧇āχāĻĄ)
babe (āĻŦ⧇āχāĻŦ)  rape (āϰ⧇āχāĻĒ)  cape (āϖ⧇āχāĻĒ)  tape (āϠ⧇āχāĻĒ)
gape (āϗ⧇āχāĻĒ)

paper (āĻĒ⧇āχāĻĒāĻžāϰ)   lady (āϞ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋ) baby (āĻŦ⧇āχāĻŦāĻŋ)
danger (āĻĄā§‡āχāύāϜāĻžāϰ) dangerous (āĻĄā§‡āχāύāϜāĻžāϰāĻžāϏ)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

======

Common error : Find out (Know āύ⧟)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž/āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ find out āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ (know āύ⧟), 'āϜāĻžāύāϞ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇'āĨ¤
1. Make sure (that) no one finds out about this.
(āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧋ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āϝ⧇āύ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)
2. I would die of shame if she ever found out.
(āϏ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧋/āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧋ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϞāĻœā§āϜāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽ)
3. My greatest dread is that my parents will find out.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧜ āϭ⧟ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇)
4. He went postal when he found out.
(āϝāĻ–āύ āϏ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϰ⧇āϗ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ)
5. My father will be livid when he finds out.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āϝāĻ–āύ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϤāĻ–āύ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϰ⧇āϗ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύ)

āφāϏ⧁āύ, āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧇ āύāĻŋāχ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ informal expression (spoken āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ)āĨ¤

1. Come down on someone like a ton of bricks =
criticize or punish very severely
āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ•ā§œāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤
If father finds out what you've been doing, he'll come down on ( = punish) you like a ton of bricks.
(āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āĻ› āϤāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āωāύāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

2. Eat somebody alive = āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻŖā§āĻĄ āϰāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
He will eat me alive if he ever finds out.
(āϏ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇/āϧāϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻœā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻŦ⧇ = āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ⧇/āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

When it comes to (sth/doing sth)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
when it comes/came to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun phrase āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϰ verb āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĨ¤

Law enforcers must be more understanding when it comes to arresting people and trying to get them to follow the health guidelines and government directives.
When it comes to cricket, Ricky Ponting is a most knowledgeable person.
When it comes to teaching grammar, I'm in a league of my own in Bangladesh. 
Dillip Kumar was the best when it came to realistic acting.
When it came to playing cover drive, Virendra Shewag was in a league of his own.

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

========

āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
1. tiny (āĻ āĻžāχāύāĻŋ, āϟāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύ⧟)- āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ, āĻĒ⧁āϚāϕ⧇
2. politician (āĻĒāϞāĻŋ'āϟāĻŋāĻļāύ, āĻĒāϞāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āύ⧟)- āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋ/-āĻŦāĻžāϜ
3. nadir (āύ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāφ(āϰ) UK, āύ⧇āχāĻĄāĻžāϰ, US, āύāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āύ⧟)- āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϤāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁
4. apex (āĻāχāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āϏ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āϏ āύ⧟) - āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁
5. radii (āϰ⧇āχāĻĄāĻŋāφāχ) radius (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ)  āĻāϰ plural
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ, syllabi (āϏāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻŦāĻžāχ), syllabus (āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāϏ⧂āϚāĻŋ) āĻāϰ plural
6. data (āĻĄā§‡āχāĻ āĻž) - āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāĨ¤
7. annihilate (āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāχāφāϞ⧇āχāϟ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϞ⧇āϟ āύ⧟)- āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
8. behave (āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§‡āχāĻ­, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ­ āύ⧟) - āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
9. epitome (āĻāĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŽāĻŋ, āĻāĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŽ āύ⧟) - āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ
10. succinct (āϏāĻžāĻ•āϏāĻŋāĻ™āĻ•āĻŸā§, āϏāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•āĻŸā§ āύ⧟)- āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ
11. nature [āύ⧇āχāϚāĻž(āϰ)/āύ⧇āχāϚāĻžāϰ)
12. natural (āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϚāϰāĻžāĻ˛ā§)

Blew (āĻŦā§āϞ⧁, āĻŦā§āϞāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Brew (āĻŦā§āϰ⧁, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Drew (āĻĄā§āϰ⧁, āĻĄā§āϰāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Flew (āĻĢā§āϞ⧁, āĻĢā§āϞāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Grew (āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Shrew (āĻļā§āϰ⧁, āĻļā§āϰāĻŋāω āύ⧟)
Shrewd (āĻļā§āϰ⧁āĻĄ, āĻļā§āϰāĻŋāωāĻĄ āύ⧟)
Threw (āĻĨā§āϰ⧁, āĻĨā§āϰāĻŋāω āύ⧟)

adverb āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ -ically āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ "āχāĻ•āϞāĻŋ", 'āχāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ' āύ⧟āĨ¤
Basically (āĻŦ⧇āχāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Automatically (āĻ“āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Diplomatically (āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ⧋āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Politically (āĻĒāϞāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻĒāϞāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Practically (āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Scientifically (āϏāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āϏāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Specifically (āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
Economically (āχāϕ⧋āύ⧋āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āχāϕ⧋āύ⧋āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)
illogically (āχāϞāϜāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĻŋ, āχāϞāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧟)

āφāϰāĻ“ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύ MASTER MINI-BOOK
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ : āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ“ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž!!
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻŽāϤ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤  āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϏāĻšāĨ¤
1. āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ?
[āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϏ⧇āύāĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŽ) ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍]
A. He requested for my help.
B. Time and tide wait for no man.
C. The ship with its crew, were lost.
D. The horse and carriage is at the door.
āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ D
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϞāĻžāχāύ ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ High School English
Grammar - Wren & Martin āĻāϰ āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ Time and tide waits for no man.
āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāχ āĻŦāχ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ b āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ B āύāĻ‚āĻ“ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ Cambridge advanced Learner's dictionary āϤ⧇ Time and tide wait for no man. āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ High School English Grammar āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āωāύāĻŋ D āϕ⧇āχ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϞāĻžāχāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāύāĻŋ, āφāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻœā§‡āύ⧇āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟āχ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤
āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāχ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĢā§āϰāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
Identity the correct sentence.
[BSMRSTU E Unit 2013-2014]
A. Time and tide waits for no man.
B. Fire and water does not agree.
C. The novelist and poet are dead.
D. The mayor, with his councillors are to be present.
Ans:A
āĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ
B. do not agree
C. is
D. is
āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āϚāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ : āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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All, Both, Each (pronoun) āĻāϰ position āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ confusion!!

all, both, each āĻāχ pronoun āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ plural noun āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž pronoun āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϰāĻž to be verb, auxiliary verb āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž modals āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ main verb āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž  have āĻāĻ•āĻžāχ main verb āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

We are all students/learners. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€)
We are all sinners. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§€)
They all went home. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āϗ⧇āϞ)
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž All of them went home.
These buildings all belong to the college.
(āĻāχ āĻ­āĻŦāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŦāχ āĻ•āϞ⧇āĻœā§‡āϰ)
We can all relax. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ)
We are all getting older. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦ⧁ ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ)
We are all going out tonight.
(āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ)
The tickets have all been sold.
[āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ have  āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇  auxiliary verb ]
(āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϟāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŦāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
The twin sisters are both good dancers.
(āϝāĻŽāϜ āĻŦā§‹āύāĻĻā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āύ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€)
The twin sisters both have blue eyes.
(āϝāĻŽāϜ āĻŦā§‹āύāĻĻā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‹āĻ– āύ⧀āϞāĨ¤
They both live in Dhaka. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇)
They can both speak English fluently/at home.
They are both old. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧ)
We are both tired. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ)
His parents are both teachers/doctors.
(āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤāĻž āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•/āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ)

They/We each have a car.
(Each of us/them has a car.)
They/We have each been questioned.

āϤāĻŦ⧇ short answers āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻāϰāĻž be verb āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
We are all/both/each ready.
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
A: Who is ready? 
B: We all/both/each are.

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ!
parent āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ father or mother
parents āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ father and mother, fathers or mothers

parent's signature     (s āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ apostrophe)
āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰ, āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻž
parents' signature     (s āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ apostrophe)
āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻž āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰ

The word 'parent' means-
[āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
A. father   B. mother
C. father and mother
D. father or mother 
Ans:D
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāĨ¤

1. I like to watch TV - late - night.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϧāĻŋ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ) 
   [IFIC Bank (TAO) 2019]
A. at, in    B. in, on     C. until, at     D. to, in

2. Which of the following is a correct English translation of 'āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϧāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŸā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤'? [CU āϘ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž-ā§Ļ⧝]
A. I watch TV down to late night.
B. I watch TV up to late night.
C. I watch TV until late night.
D. I watch TV until late at night.
E. I watch TV into late at night.

3. What is the correct translation of 'āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ' is - [DU D 1997-98]
A. It is very late at night.
B. Now many nights
C. It is deep night now
D. Here it is very late night.

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : 1. C  2. D    3. A

āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ/āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ = late at night,
āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϧāĻŋ/āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ = until late at night

It was late at night when we finally arrived.
(āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)
Our neighbours are inconsiderate; they're always playing loud music late at night.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻ•/āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻ•āĻšā§€āύ; āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāϞāϛ⧇)
People are scared to use the buses late at night.
(āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϏāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϭ⧟ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ)

In the public interest : Master Jahangir Alam

āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϘ⧁āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏāϤ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύāĨ¤

All my efforts to bring about a compromise ended --  smoke. (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻā§‹āϤāĻžā§Ÿ āφāύāĻžāϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋) 
[DU B 14-15/āĻĸāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ– ā§§ā§Ē-ā§§ā§Ģ]
A. with   B. in     C. off      D. through
Ans:B
end in sth - āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

All my efforts to bring ---- a compromise ended in smoke.
[āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻ•āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
A. with   B. about    C. in       D. to
Ans:B
bring about - āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āφāύāĻžāĨ¤

All my efforts -- bring about a compromise ended ---  smoke. [NSI āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āϟāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧]
A. for, in     B. to, into
C. to, in      D. for, into
Ans:C
base form āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ to āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

==============

āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ, āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
He used to be my friend.
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āύ⧇āχ)
He was my friend. (He is no more or missing)
(āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦ⧇āρāĻšā§‡ āύ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āρāϜ)

We used to be good friends, but we hardly ever see each other now.
They used to be friends, but now they absolutely detest each other.

We were friends and colleagues for more than twenty years.

āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚ We were friends. āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ We used to be friends. āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

==============

We āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž "āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ" āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ first person āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ indirect speech/narration āĻ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āφāϰ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¨ā§āϤāύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧇ reported speech āĻāϰ tense āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Direct : He said (āϏ⧇āĻĄ), "We are all sinners."
Indirect : He said that we are all sinners.
(āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§€)
Direct: He said, "We cannot be quite happy in this life.
Indirect : He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

===========

āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
Almost everyone fails --- on the first try. [18th BCS]
A. in passing his driver's test
B. to his driver's test
C. to have passed his driver's test
D. passing his driver's test
āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ B āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ⧇ pass āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
A āϕ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤  āϝāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ āφāϰ MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
(Appropriate preposition āĻāϰ F āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤)
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāχāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Almost everyone fails --- on the first try.
[DU C 2005-06]
A. in passing his driver's test
B. to pass his driver's test
C. to have passed his driver's test
D. passing his driver's test
E. passed his driver's test
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ  B
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ fail + infinitive
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He failed to reach the final this year.
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž fail + object āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He failed his driving test.
A lot of people fail their driving test the first time.

āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ fail in sth/something
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He failed in his attempt to break the record.
Despite being a good student, he failed in the exam.
He failed in English last year.
I passed in history but failed in chemistry.

Almost everyone fails --- on the first try.
[Medical Admission 1993-94]
A. to have passed
B. passing
C. in passing
D. to pass
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ D. to pass
āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĨ¤
āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāχ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ⧀ āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤

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Subject Verb Agreement Rule 2.1
(RESEARCH āĻŦ⧇āχāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) 
RULE:
āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ noun āϕ⧇ and āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž singular subject āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (3rd person) singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž it/he/she āϝ⧇ verb āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: is, was, has, base form +s/es āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

1. Law and order needs to be maintained at any cost. (āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇ āφāχāύ āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇) 
2. Law and order is worsening in the city day by day.
3. Profit and loss is important to every business.
(āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ) 
4. The colour and style is a matter of personal taste. (āϰāĻ‚ āĻ“ āϧāĻžāρāϚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ) 
5. Truth and honesty is the best policy.
6. Honour and glory is his reward.
7. The new bed and breakfast opens this week.

āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ gerund āϝāĻĻāĻŋ and āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž singular verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

1. Playing the harmonium and singing is difficult.
(āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‹āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ)
2. Loading and unloading ships is fatiguing work.
(āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ)
3. Drinking and driving has tough penalties.
(āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āφāϛ⧇)
4. Drinking and driving is dangerous.
(āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻāϜāύāĻ•)
5. Meeting him and talking to him is always a learning experience. (āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ž/āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž) 
6. Breaking and entering is against the law.
(āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§‡ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āφāχāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ) 

Subject Verb Agreement
Rule:
One of, Each of, Either of, Neither of āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural noun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular verb (3rd person singular) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
Either/Neither āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ plural noun āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āφāϰ singular verb āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ singular verb āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ s āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect : One of my friends live in London.
Correct : One of my friends lives in London.

Incorrect: Either of these three girls are to blame for the damage.
Correct: Either of these two girls is to blame for the damage.

Incorrect: Either of these buses go past the university.
Correct: Either of these buses goes past the university.

Incorrect: Neither of these buses go past the historical monument
Correct : Neither of these buses goes past the historical monument .

Incorrect: Either of these three books are good.
Correct : Either of these two books is good.

Incorrect: Neither of the roads lead to the railway station.
Correct: Neither of the roads leads to the railway station.

Incorrect: Each of the radioisotopes produced artificially have its own distinct structure.
Correct: Each of the radioisotopes produced artificially has its own distinct structure.

āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ,
Neither of these two women -- to be trusted. (is)
Neither of these mattresses --- comfortable. (feels)
Each of the men and women -- bound to obey the law of the country. (is)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύāĨ¤

01. The mob ---- dispersed.
     (āωāĻšā§āĻ›ā§ƒāĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞ āϜāύāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
a. has   b. is    c. are    d. have
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : a. has
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ have āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž are āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ has āχ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ : High School English Grammar - Wren & Martin āĻāϰ Subject Verb Agreement āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Pick up the INCORRECT sentence. [JU IBA 11-12]
A. Justice, as well as mercy, allows it.
B. Each of the sisters are clever.
C. The mob has dispersed.
D. Neither he nor I was there.
Ans: B (āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇) 
B āϤ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦ⧇- Each of the sisters is clever.

02. The decoration of the new office block, including the furniture and curtains, ---- .
[āϜāύāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϏāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāωāϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ]
{āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ āĻŦā§āϞāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻœā§āϜāĻž, āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻž āϏāĻŽā§‡āϤ,
āϖ⧁āĻŦ āύāϜāϰāĻ•āĻžā§œāĻž/āύ⧟āύāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽ/āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĨ¤ }
A. is more pleasing
B. are more pleasing
C. have most pleasing
D.  is most pleasing
Ans:D
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž : āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāχ more āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āφāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ very āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ most āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
He leads a most unhappy life.
I saw a most beautiful scenery.
He is most unfortunate.
very āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ most + adjective, a most + adjective + noun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ person āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž number āĻāϰ antecedent āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāϤāĻŽ antecedent āϟāĻŋāϰ number āĻ“ person āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ relative pronoun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇  verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

You are the person who is responsible for this.
= It is you who are responsible for this.

I am the man who helps you.
= It is I who help you.

I am the man who has done it.
You are the man who is to suffer for it.
You are the man who is guilty.
I am your teacher/leader/boss who is giving you this order.

03. You are the man who -- always troubled me.
(āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇)
[āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻā§ŸāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϏ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ, āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
A. is    B. have    C. has    D. were
Ans:C
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž,
Find out the incorrect word or phrase.
You are the man who have always troubled me.
[āĻŽāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋāϟāϰ/āĻ…āϧ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻ•-ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ž]
A. The   B. Man   C. Have   D. Me
Ans:C
(āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, have āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧇ has āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ every/each/no āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āϟāĻŋ singular āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

03. Each boy and each girl (dress) with a new dress.
(āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)
[RU āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ‚ 2007-08]
A. was dressed  B. were dressed
C. dresses          D. have dressed
Ans:A
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ with a news dress āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āφāϗ⧇ passive āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž was dressed āĻšāĻŦ⧇ ( dresses āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤)
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, (āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ•) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ dressed with āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
Every āĻāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ verb āϟāĻŋ (3rd person) singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ:
Every man, woman and child was killed.
Every man, woman and child on the island has suffered the effects of the fuel shortage.
[BSMRSTU F 15-16]
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

==================

āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
by far vs so far

1. Those customers are --- the most demanding we've ever had. [āχāύāϭ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§‹āϰ⧇āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ-ā§§ā§§]
A. so far          B. by far
C. from far      D. since far
Ans: B

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
by far (āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡) āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ superlative + noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ (āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ superlative āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāϏ⧇) āφāϰ so far (āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ) āĻŦāϏ⧇ superlative āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĨ¤
He is by far the best player in team.
Salman is the smartest by far.
This is the best so far.

so far
so far āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ "āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ (until now, up to the present) āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ present perfect tense āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ tense āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
āϤāĻŦ⧇ superlative āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ so far āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
This is the best so far. (āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āϏ⧇āϰāĻž)
There have been hundreds of thousands of deaths from Covid-19 so far.
More than a thousand people have died of/from covid-19 so far.
Fifty people have died so far due to cold wave.
(āĻļ⧈āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ ā§Ģā§Ļ āϜāύ āϞ⧋āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇)
Let's review what has happened so far.
(āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϝāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϚāϞ⧋ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ)
So far, we haven't had much progress.
(āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋ)
Bangladesh haven't had a win so far this season.
Several arrests have been made so far by the police.
He has played for his club in 100 matches so far.
Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far. [COU (A) 15-16]

by far /far and away /out and away

by far āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ "āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇ (by a great amount) āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ superlative degree āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
They are by far the best students in the class.
Football is by far/far and away the most popular sport in Britain.
Master is by far the best book of English for competitive exams.
Shalman Shah was the smartest by far.

1. It is --- far the most exciting book that he has ever written. [RU D 16-17]
This book is - far the best one he has ever written.
[CU B2 16-17]
A. on        B. in        C. by     D. at
Ans:C

āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ
the + superlative adjective āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ adverbial āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž adverbial phrase āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
Much/by far/out and away = by a great amount,  āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇, in all respects, āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇
(by) far and away = by a very great amount
easily = without doubt, definitely = āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡
Baahubali is much the best film (that) S S Rajamouli has ever directed.
He is by far/out and away/easily the best player in the team.
He is by far/out and away/easily the best student in the class.
He is easily the most experienced teacher in the college.
He is easily the best writer (that) I've ever known.
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

===================

#MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ!
āĻāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ ⧍ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύāĨ¤

ā§Ļā§§
The baby sleeps. Here "sleeps" is a - verb.
[āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦ⧇āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
A. neuter   B. transitive   C. passive  D. regular
Ans:D
āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ d, ed, t āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ past form āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ past participle āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ weak verb āĻŦāĻž regular verb āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤  sleep-slept-slept, work-worked-worked

She sleeps. Here the verb "sleep" is
A. Transitive verb
B. Intransitive verb
C. Be verb
D. Linking verb
Ans:B
verb āĻāϰ object āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun (phrase)/pronoun āύāĻž āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž intransitive verb (complete verb)

ā§Ļ⧍
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āφāϛ⧇, āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āφāϏāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒ⧜āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

1. Interjections that express a sudden burst of emotion are followed by what kind of punctuation?
[āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟/BSMRSTU F 2018-19]
A. Comma
B. Semicolon
C. Colon
D. Exclamation
Ans:D

2. What part of speech expresses a mild or sudden burst of emotion? 
[NSI āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āϟāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧]
A. Conjunction
B. Adjective
C. Interjection
D. Preposition
Ans:C
Interjection āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ Exclamation āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ exclamation mark (!) āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

ā§Ļā§Š
āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ•!
1. Which is the lowest unit of grammar hierarchy?
[āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧀ (āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ) ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
A. Morphemes     B. Clause
C. Words               D. Sentence
Ans:A

2. Which one is not a grammatical unit?
[āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ]
A. Clause             B. Morpheme
C. Paragraph       D. Phrase
Ans:C

Grammatical Unit Hierarchy (āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āφāϧāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰāĻž/āĻĒāĻĻāϏ⧋āĻĒāĻžāύ)
1. Morpheme 2. Word  3. Phrase  4. Clause 
5. Sentence
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āϤāĻĢāĻžā§Ž! 

He has given up smoking.
(āϏ⧇ āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
He is given to smoking.
(āϏ⧇ āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ/āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ)

ā§Ļā§Ē
āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻž!

The passive voice of "He made us work" is-
[RU 02-03, IU G 15-16]
(āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ/āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϞ)
A. We was made the work by him.
B. Work was made by him for us.
C. Work were made by him to us.
D. We were made the work for him.
Ans:B
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ make āϕ⧇ ditransitive verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ passive voice āĻ direct object "work (noun)" āϕ⧇ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ indirect object "us" āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ "āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ" āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ for āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ made āϕ⧇ causative verb āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ passive voice āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ -
We were made to work by him.

Active : Subject + make (verb) + object + base form
               He made us laugh.
Passive: object + aux.verb+ past participle + to + base form (full infinitive/to-infinitive) + (by + subject āωāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)
We were made to laugh (by him).

Active: They made him tell them everything.
Passive: He was made to tell them everything.

ā§Ļā§Ģ

The committee ---- unable to agree on this question.
A. is  B. was   C. were   D. none
Ans:C (British English āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤)
The committee were unable to agree on this question/point. (āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇/āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋ)
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ unable to agree = disagree
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āύ⧟, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb (were) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ 
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

ā§Ļā§Ŧ
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
We'll be getting --- the train in ten minutes.
[RU D, āĻ…-āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ 2015-16]
A. in
B. off
C. up
D. down
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : B. off
(āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āφāĻŽāϰāĻž ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŦ/āύāĻžāĻŽāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦāĨ¤)
āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ⧇ āωāĻ āĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ get on āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
I think we got on the wrong train.
āφāϰ āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ get off (āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ) āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž get down from (āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
I forgot to take my bag with me when I got off the train.
Please, get off the train when it arrives at the station.
Don't get down from a running train.

ā§Ļā§­

āĻāχ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ!
āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ Abstract noun?
[āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϏāĻžāύāĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŽ)-⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍]
A. Agency
B. Infant
C. Anxious
D. Grand
Ans: A (Agency-āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ)
Infant (common noun) - infancy (abstract noun)
[infantry (āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀)- collective noun ]
Anxious (adjective) - Anxiety (abstract noun)
Grand (adjective) - grandeur (āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāύāϜāĻžāϰ)- abstract noun

ā§Ļā§Ž
MASTER āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰāχ confusion!
āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤
Q: In 1989, this building -- fire.
A. caught            B. was caught
C. has caught    D. has been caught
Ans: A
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:
1989 āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻžāϞ āϤāĻžāχ past indefinite tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϗ⧁āύ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻž (to start burning/to begin to burn) āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ catch fire (UK)/catch on fire (US) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ passive āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
She had to be rescued when her house caught fire
(US-caught on fire)
When the grass in the yard caught fire, I thought the whole house was going to burn down.
The car overturned and caught fire.
Her sharee caught fire while she was cooking.

ā§Ļ⧝
Our school is ----- the main road.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏ⧜āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ)
[āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§­]
A. on   
D. by
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : on
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ (āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ) āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ on āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ road, street, avenue āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ on āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
The house is on a very busy road. (OALD, road)
His apartment was on a main road and there was a constant roar of traffic. (CALD, roar)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

ā§§ā§Ļ
āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻĒāύ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤ [⧧⧍āϤāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ]
A. He is my brother.
B. He is my step brother.
C. He is my elder brother.
D. He is my own brother.
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : D
(āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ own āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ Emphasizing adjective
āφāĻĒāύ āĻ­āĻžāχ, āĻ¸ā§Ž āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻĻ⧁āϜāύ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ own āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤)
āφāĻĒāύ/āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāχ/āĻŦā§‹āύ/āĻŽāĻž/āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž (āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡) āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
own brother/sister/mother/father āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ : Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
āϤ⧇ inform on āĻ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋ English to Bangla  Dictionary āϤ⧇ own āĻ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤

ā§§ā§§
āĻ…āĻ•āĻžāĻŸā§āϝ āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύāĨ¤
A snake can eat and digest animals much larger than ---. [DU B 2013-14]
(āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏāĻžāĻĒ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻŦ⧜ āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāϜāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)
A. it
B. itself
C. its
D. it has
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ B. itself
āϝāĻ–āύ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ verb/preposition āĻāϰ object āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ object āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧇ reflexive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Incorrect: I love me.
Correct: I love myself.
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻž Barron's TOEFL āĻāϰ Problem 50 āĻāϰ Part A āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than ---
A. it    B. itself    C. its    D. it has
Ans: B. itself

⧧⧍
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ!
I am not - with you.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āύāχ)
A. at one
B. agree
Ans:A (at one)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
(be verb = am/is/are/was/were) + at one with (sb) = agree with, āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤
do verb + not + agree with + somebody (sb)
be verb + not + at one with + somebody (sb)
I do not agree with you.
I am not at one with you.

He is not at one with me on this point.
He does not agree with me on this point.
(āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āύ⧟)
We agree on most things, but on this question we are not at one with each other.

ā§§ā§Š
Prices have increased by ----- 300 percent.
Applications have risen this year by ---- 50%
A. as much as
B. as many as
Ans:A
percent (%) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāχ as much as āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

ā§§ā§Ē

It costs relatively ---- and you can save a lot.
A. little
B. small
Ans:A
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ cost (verb) āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ adverb āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāχ little āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
It costs relatively little. It is relatively small.

ā§§ā§Ģ
--- traffic means ----- traffic accidents, people should use public transportation more. [CU E 16-17]
A. more, less      B. fewer,  fewer               
C. a few, less      D.  less, fewer  
E. few, less

Ans:D
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž :
traffic āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ uncountable noun āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ less āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
traffic accidents āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ plural noun āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ fewer āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āĻŽ āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻ• āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϘāϟāύāĻž, āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ less, fewer āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

ā§§ā§Ŧ
2. Which of the following is not a plural form of 'Buffalo'? [NSI āĻāϰ āϜ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝]
a. Buffaloss    b. Buffalos
c. Buffaloes    d. Buffalo       e. None
Ans: a
Bufallo āĻāϰ plural āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ Buffalo, Buffaloes āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Buffalos
āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ, plural noun āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ ss āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, Noun āĻāϰ plural āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ noun āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ s/es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāχ plural noun āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ s āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ noun āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āχ plural āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ s  āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ singular noun āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ss āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: actress, princess, mistress, mattress āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

ā§§ā§­
Which one of the following words is an odd to the others?
[āϏ⧋āύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āϜāύāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• (āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ, āφāχāϟāĻŋ)-⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ,
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦ⧇āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻš-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝, āϝ⧁āĻŦ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž]
A. Joey      B. Filly      C. Vixen       D. Calf
Ans:C
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž :
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Joey (āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϰ⧁), Filly (āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āĻ˜ā§‹ā§œāĻž), Calf (āĻŦāĻžāϛ⧁āϰ) āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Vixen āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇  mother animal āϝāĻž offspring/āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ Vixen āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž (odd)
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϟāĻŋ Mother/Animal : Offspring

ā§§ā§Ž
"Howl" is the sound of -
[āĻĻ⧁āĻĻāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻ• -⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
A. Apes (āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧁āĻ•)    B. Dogs   C. Jackals   D. Tigers
Ans:C
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ Jackals, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Dogs āĻāϰ sound āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ bark āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤
( āϤāĻŦ⧇ BāĻ“ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇āύ āύāĻž)

P K De Sarkar āĻāϰ āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻļāύāĻžāϞ āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ Jackals, Wolves āĻāϰ sound āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ howl āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Cambridge Dictionary āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇
If a dog or wolf howls, it makes a long, sad sound

⧧⧝
Some of the boys ------ did not come.
[MASTER āĻāϰ Clause āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ]
A. I invited               B. whom I invited them
C. whose i invited   D. I invited them
Ans: A
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
Some of the boys (whom) I invited did not come.
(āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻ• āφāϏ⧇āύāĻŋ)
Some of the boys did not come. I invited them.
I invited = (whom) I invited
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ whom āϕ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ b) āϤ⧇ whom I invited them āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤
āϤāĻŦ⧇ Formal English āĻ whom I invited āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āφāϰ informal writing āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ spoken āĻ whom āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻļāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
B. āϤ⧇ them āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

⧍ā§Ļ
Verb form of "Number" is -- [RU E 12-13, 36th BCS]
A. Number
B. Enumerate
Ans : B

number āϕ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āφāϰ number āĻāϰ verb form āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āύ⧟āĨ¤
break āĻāϰ noun āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ breach āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ breach āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ“ verb āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤  sit āĻāϰ noun āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ seat āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ seat āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ“ verb āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ see āĻāϰ noun āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ sight āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ sight āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ“ verb āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ befool āĻāϰ noun āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ fool āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ fool āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ“ verb āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ formation of words āĻ number āĻāϰ verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ enumerate āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
(A text book of higher English grammar by P K De Sarkar)
āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ beauty āĻāϰ adjective form āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ beautiful
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ beauty āϕ⧇āĻ“ adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
beauty contest, beauty cream

⧍⧧
Anyone of you may take it. I don't care ----
A. who
B. whom
Ans:A
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ who (subject) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āωāĻšā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
Anyone of you may take it. I don't care who.
( = I don’t care who will take it.)

⧍⧍
The Sun is up. (āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ  āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ = āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇)
Here "up" is
A. Adjective   B. Adverb   C. Preposition  D. Noun
Ans:B
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž :  āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ? (Where is the Sun?)
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (up)
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ up = in a high position, at the top
where āĻāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϤāĻžāχ adverb
Traditional grammar (P K De Sarkar) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Modern grammar/reference āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž adverb
(āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Merriam Webster dictionary āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ up āϕ⧇ adjective āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇ = The sun is up. = The sun has risen.
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ,
The heavens are above. (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āωāĻĒāϰ⧇)
Here "above" is-
A. Preposition   B. Adjective  C. Adverb  D. Noun
Ans:C
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ? (Where are the heavens?)
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (above)
Where (āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ) āĻāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϤāĻžāχ adverb

ā§¨ā§Š
The mob - dispersed. (āωāĻšā§āĻ›ā§ƒāĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞ āϜāύāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
A. has     B. is    C. are    D. have
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : A. has
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ have āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž are āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ has āχ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ : High School English Grammar - Wren & Martin āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āφāχāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§-⧧⧍
āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āϚāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ
āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
āφāϰ disperse āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ active voice āĻāĻ“ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
Oxford Advanced  Learner's Dictionary āϤ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āφāϛ⧇ "The crowd dispersed quickly."

⧍ā§Ē
The child sat mute in the corner of the park.
Here 'mute' is a/an
A. noun    B. adjective
C. adverb D. verb
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ : adjective (adverb āύ⧟)

āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ : Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
āĻāϰ mute (adjective) āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšā§āĻŦ⧁āĻšā§ āϏ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž : āĻ•āϤāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ context āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻžā§Ÿ adjective āĻ“ adverb āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
He went home. (home is adverb)
He went mad. (mad is adjective)

The mother sat vigilantly beside the frightened child. (vigilantly is adverb)
The child sat mute in the corner of the room.
[mute āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ (predicative) adjective, mute āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ adverb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž]
The box sat unopened on the shelf.
(unopened is adjective)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ
In the public interest : Master Jahangir Alam

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āĻ—ā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž!

Formal English āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Traditional grammar āĻ To be verb āĻāϰ complement āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ Subjective pronoun āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻļāχ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž relative clause āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
I wish I were he. (him āύ⧟, P K DE SARKAR)
You didn't know that it was I who did it.
I'm not sure. It must have been she/he (her/him āύ⧟) at the door.
[āϤāĻŦ⧇ conversation āĻ her/him āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ formal English āĻ he/she āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇ (preferred)]
It was I who first raised the issue in the meeting.
It is we who are to blame. (us āύ⧟)
It is he whom the committee has chosen. (him āύ⧟)
It was she/he, not I who put forth the attractive proposition.
It was we who had left before he arrived.
It is he speaking.

āϝāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•, Modern standard English/grammar āĻ
to be verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ objective pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ spoken āĻ objective pronoun āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
If anyone's to blame, it's me. (OALD)
A : Who is that/it? (āϕ⧇ āϰ⧇?/āϕ⧇ āĻšā§‡?)
[āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ]
B: It's me.

X: Where's Rony?
Y: That's him over there.
(Ref: A Practical English Grammar by A J Thomson & A V Martinet)

From Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Hello, it's me. (OALD)
A: Who's there? 
B: It's me/Only me(OALD)

A: Who came first? (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āϕ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇?)
B: Me! (āφāĻŽāĻŋ!)

From Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary :  
See if you can guess which one is me in my old school photo. (CALD)
It wasn't me who offered to go, It was Rocky.

āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Formal English āĻ subject pronoun āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ than āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ conjunction
He is older than I.
(āĻāϟāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ old-fashioned āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ much too formal)
He is taller than I am.
(Modern grammar āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ)

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Modern standard English āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ spoken English āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ objective pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ than āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ preposition
You're taller than me. (OALD)
She's taller than him. (OALD)
I'm older than her. (OALD)
I'm taller than her, aren't I (OALD)
She is much taller than me. (CALD)
He's a couple of years older than me. (CALD)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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Make (one's) dream come true.
= āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
Through hard work, perseverance and unflinching  determination, I have made my dream come true. (āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻĻā§ƒā§ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ)
He underwent through strenuous hard work. He made his dream come true. (āϏ⧇ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāϏāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧋āĨ¤)

A dream come true = āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

If win, it will be a dream come true. (OALD, dream)
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāϤāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)
Winning the prize was a dream come true.
(āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻœā§‡āϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)
Meeting you is a dream come true for me.
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)
An incredible series win for Bangladesh by crushing the pride of mighty Australia is a dream come true.
(āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝ āϏāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϜ āϜ⧟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤)

I will help you to make your dream - true.
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ)
[āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ (āĻāϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ āϕ⧋-āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
A. seem   B. grow  C. turn  D. come
Ans:D

Winning the competition was a dream -- true for me.
[CU B2 2015-16]
I will make your dreams - true. [CU C1 2010-11]
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ)
A. seem       B. grow  
C. come       D. become
Ans:C

I hope your dream --- true. [CU B1 19-20]
(āφāĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)
A. comes     B. seems
C. looks       D. turns
Ans:A

Wipe (āĻŽā§‹āĻ›āĻž, āĻŽā§āϛ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž)
Don't wipe your nose on your sleeve.
(āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĻ• āĻŽā§āϛ⧋ āύāĻž)
Wipe your feet on the mat before you come inside.
(āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‡/āĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧁āϰ⧇ āĻŽā§āϛ⧋)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

===============

All = the only thing & Gone as adjective

1. All we are asking for is a decent quality of life.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ All = the only thing
All āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ that āωāĻšā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
All ( = the only thing) is a decent quality of life.
We are asking for that. āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
All (that) we are asking for is a decent quality of life.
= āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϝāĻž āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϝāĻĨā§‹āĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĨ¤ 
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ :
All we want now is the mercy of Allah.
(āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝāĻž āϚāĻžāχ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āφāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻšāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāϤ)
All I want is peace and quiet.
(āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϝāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϤāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŦāϤāĻž)

All I have eaten today is a sandwich.
(āφāϜāϕ⧇ āĻ–ā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāύāωāχāϚ)

2. He has been gone a long time.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ passive voice āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ gone āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ adjective āϕ⧇āω āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ gone āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āφāϰ a long time āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ for āϕ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
He has been gone (for) a long time.
(āϏ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇)
āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ :
He was gone before I arrived.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϏ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)
My family has been gone about two months.
(āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

=======

āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§§āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āĨ¤ (ā§§ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
He takes after his father.
He resembles his father.
He looks like his father.
He and his father look alike.
He is like his father.
He and his father are alike.
He is similar in appearance to his father.
He and his father are similar in appearance.
He and his father look similar.
He looks the same as his father.
His father and he have got the same appearance.
He bears a resemblance to his father.
He bears a likeness to his father.
He bears a similarity to his father.

⧍āĨ¤ āĻŦāχāϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϛ⧇āĨ¤ (ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
1. The book is selling well.
Or, The book sells well.
2. The book is going/selling like hot cakes.
Or, The book goes/sells like hot cakes.
3. The book is in great demand.
4. The book has a good sale.

ā§ŠāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻ•āĨ¤ (ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
1. He is a boy of three.
2. He is a three-year old boy.
3. He is a boy of three years of age.
4. He is a boy three years old.

ā§ĒāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāĨ¤ (āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
1. He is man of his word.
2. He is true to his word.
3. He is as good as his word.

ā§ĢāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧟āϏ ⧍ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰāĨ¤ (ā§ĒāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
I am twenty.
I am twenty years old.
I am twenty years of age.
I am a twenty-year-old.

ā§ŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁/āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤  (ā§ĢāϟāĻŋ)
There is not an iota of truth in what she/he says.
There is not a/one grain of truth in what she/he says.
There is not a particle of truth in what she/he says.
There is not a scintilla of truth in what she/he says.
There is not a/one jot of truth in what she/he says.

ā§­āĨ¤ āĻ•āϞāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰāĨ¤ (ā§ĒāϟāĻŋ)
The pen belongs to me.
I am the owner of the pen.
I own the pen.
The pen is mine.

ā§ŽāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āĻŽāύ⧇āϰāĻž ā§Ē āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤ (ā§ĒāϟāĻŋ)
Sumon has three brothers.
Sumon has three siblings. (siblings = āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§‹āύ)
("āϏ⧁āĻŽāύ⧇āϰāĻž āϚāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāχāĻŦā§‹āύ" āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)
Sumon and his brothers are four in number.
Sumon's parents have got four sons.

⧝āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ (ā§Ē āϟāĻŋ)
It is time for prayer.
The time has come for prayer.
It is time to say prayer.
āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇āχ now āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, it is time āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž
The time has come āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āχ āĻāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
Now is the time for prayer.

ā§§ā§ĻāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ (ā§ĒāϟāĻŋ)
Time flies.
Time goes by so quickly.
Time passes (by) so quickly.
Time trips by on rosy wings

ā§§ā§§āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧜āĨ¤ (ā§­āϟāĻŋ)
He is senior to me by two years.
He is my senior by two years.
He is two years senior to me.
He is two years my senior.
He two years older than I (am).
He is older than me by two years.
He two years older than me.
āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻĒāύ āĻ­āĻžāχ-āĻŦā§‹āύ āĻšāϞ⧇ elder (elder than āϭ⧁āϞ)
He is my elder by two years.
I am his elder by two years.

⧧⧍āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āϛ⧋āϟāĨ¤ (ā§ŦāϟāĻŋ)
He is junior to me by two years.
He is my junior by two years.
He is two years my junior.
He is two years younger than I am.
He is younger than me by two years.
He is two years younger than me.

ā§§ā§ŠāĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ⧇ āĻšāϤ āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻž/āĻ…āĻšāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāĨ¤
Pride goes before destruction.
Pride goes before a fall.
Pride comes before a fall.

ā§§ā§ĒāĨ¤ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›? (ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ)
Have you ever been abroad?
Have you ever been to a foreign country?
Have you ever visited abroad?

ā§§ā§ĢāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϞ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ (ā§­ āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
The tree is in flower. (flowers āύ⧟)
The tree has come into flower. (flowers āύ⧟)
The tree is in bloom.
The tree is in blossom.
The tree has bloomed.
The tree has blossomed.
The tree has flowered.
The tree has produced flowers.

ā§§ā§ŦāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĢāϞ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ (ā§Ģ āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
The tree has borne fruit.
The tree is in fruit.
The tree has fruited.
The tree has produced fruit.
The tree has fruit growing on it.

ā§§ā§­āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ (ā§Š āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)
I haven’t seen him for a long time.
I haven’t seen him for long.
I haven’t seen for a while.
for a long time/for long /for a while = āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤
āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āύ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻļā§€āϞāĨ¤

Traditional grammar āĻ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ be verb+ born in (a family āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž come of (a family) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ come of, born in āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

He comes of a good family. (TG)
He was born in a poverty-stricken/poor/rich family.
Vyjanthimala was born in a Tamil Iyengar Bramin family. (Wikipedia)

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āύ Modern grammar āĻ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇
be verb + born into (a family) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ come from, born into āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Maradona was born into a poor family. (MG)
Dilip Kumar was born into an Awan family as Mohammad Yousuf Khan. (Wikipedia)
He comes of a good family. (MG)

Diana was born into an aristocratic family. (CALD)
She was born into a very musical family. (OALD)

Correct the following sentence. [34th BCS (Written)]
A) Maradona was born in a poor family.
Ans: Maradona was born into a poor family.

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ, āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ One ----- one's āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ one, one's āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ passive voice āĻ āωāϠ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
One should obey one's parents.
= Parents should be obeyed.
(āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ/āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϚāϞāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ) 
One should keep one's promises.
= Promises should be kept.
(āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻŋ/āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ)
One should take care of one's health.
= Health should be taken care of.
(āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϝāĻ¤ā§āύ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ) 
One should not neglect one's duty.
(āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻšā§‡āϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟)
One shouldn’t give one's opinion unasked.
(āĻ…āϝāĻžāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟)
One must not boast of one's own success.
(āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟)

āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ [āϚāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍]
A. Time should used best.
B. Time should be spent well.
C. One should kill one's time well.
D. One should make the best use of one's time.
Ans:D
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: Master Jahangir Alam

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āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύāĨ¤

āϚāĻŋā§Ž, āĻ•āĻžāϤ, āωāĻĒ⧁⧜ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ on āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Do you sleep on your back or on your front (āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)?
(āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻŋā§Ž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āωāĻĒ⧁⧜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ“?)
He was lying on his side. (āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)
He is lying on his right side.
(āϏ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇)
He is lying on his left side.
(āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇)
He is lying on his back, staring (up) at the ceiling.
[āϏ⧇ (āϏ⧋āϜāĻž āωāĻĒāϰ⧇) āϏāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāĻŋā§Ž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇]
He is lying on his front.
(āϏ⧇ āωāĻĒ⧁⧜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§ā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇)

āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻ­āϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ on (one's) stomach āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Lie on your stomach with your arms by your side.
The doctor asked him to lie down on his stomach.
I lay on my stomach on the beach.

āφāϰāĻ“ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻžāϚ āϞ⧇āϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϙ⧁āϞ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
He cut his finger on a piece of glass.

āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϛ⧋āĻŸā§āϟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
I wrote on a small piece of paper.

āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰāχ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ/āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻ›āĻŋ/āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
I will be right back/ I will be right with you ( = I will return very soon).

āφāϰāĻ“ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ,
āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ on an empty stomach āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āϰāĻž āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ on a full stomach āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ (in āύ⧟)
You will take this medicine on an empty stomach.
Never go swimming on a full stomach.
You shouldn’t go to work on an empty stomach.
You shouldn’t exercise on a full stomach.

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ stomach āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ (āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇) āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ in the stomach āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
He punched me in the stomach.
The attacker kicked him in the stomach.
He was stabbed in the stomach during a street brawl.
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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'āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸā§‡ āύāĻž' āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ 'āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸā§‡'āĨ¤

Time flies. /Time trips by on rosy wings.
= āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ/āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ/āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Times flies/trips by on rosy wings when we are having fun/we are enjoying ourselves.
(āĻŽāϜāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤)

Trip by on rosy wings = āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
= āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž /āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Two hours tripped by on rosy wings while we were talking on the phone. (āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻž āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ)

Time has flown since the holiday began.
(āϛ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇/āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇)

How time flies! (āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ!)
I've got to go now. (āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇)

Time hangs heavy = āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϧ⧀āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Time hangs heavy on me sitting idle at home.
(āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϞāϏ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž)

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāύ⧁āύāĨ¤
'He is growing up'- āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāϞ⧋
[āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š]
A. āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāϛ⧇ āωāĻ āϛ⧇āĨ¤
B. āϏ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻ āϛ⧇āĨ¤
C. āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
D. āϏ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧋āĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ C. He is growing up. = āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āϜāĻŦ āϏāϞ⧁āĻļāύ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇ ("āϏ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧋āĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇" āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāϛ⧇)

A text book of advanced functional English by Mohiuddin & Kashem
āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻŦ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
You will understand everything when you will grow up.
(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇- --- when you grow up. āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ  Future indefinite + when + present indefinite tense)
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇-
grow up = to develop into an adult
āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŦ⧟āĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤
Their children have all grown up and left home now. (OALD)

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇-
Grow up = to gradually become an adult
I grew up in Scotland. (CALD)
Taking responsibility for yourself is part of the process of growing up. (CALD)

He wants to be a pilot when he grows up. (OALD)
(āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāχāϞāϟ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ)
She wants to be a doctor when she grows up. (CALD)
(āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ)
He is going to be a dentist when he grows up.
(T&M, 204)
āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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āφāϏ⧁āύ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇ āύāĻŋāχ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ translation

ā§§āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāϰ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻž/āϞ⧋āĻ• āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ“ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύ āύāĻžāĨ¤
You are not amenable to reason.

⧍āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻ āĻžāρāχ āĻ āĻžāρāχāĨ¤/āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āχāĨ¤
Brothers will part.

ā§ŠāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āύāĻšāĻžāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āϏ⧇ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇ āωāĻšā§āĻ›ā§āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
He was beside himself with joy.
āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āϏ⧇ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĢ⧁āĻ˛ā§āϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āωāĻ āϞ⧋āĨ¤ 
He was beside himself with joy on learning about his success at the BCS preliminary examination.

ā§ĒāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āφāϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
He is beside himself with joy.
Or, His joy knows no bounds.
āĻĒ⧁āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻž āϰāχāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤
At the news of his son's success at BCS examination, the joy of the gentleman knew no bounds.

āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āσāϖ⧇āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤
His sorrows know no bounds.

ā§ĢāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ—āϰ āĻ—āϰ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤
He is boiling with rage.

āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϰ⧇āϗ⧇ āωāĻ āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
He flew (āĻĢā§āϞ⧁) into a rage.

āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļ⧁āύ⧇/āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϚāĻŸā§‡/āϰ⧇āϗ⧇ āωāĻ āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
On hearing that, he flew into a rage.

ā§ŦāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāĻŦ?
    I can go, but why should I?

ā§­āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻĒāύ/āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤
   He is my own brother.
  āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻĒāύ/āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§‹āύāĨ¤
  She is my own sister.
  āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āφāĻĒāύ/āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĨ¤
  She is my own mother.
  āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ/āφāĻĒāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĨ¤
  He is my own father.

ā§ŽāĨ¤ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāχāĨ¤
    Man is the measure of all things.

⧝āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
   He is growing up.

ā§§ā§ĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āύāĻžāχāĨ¤
      I am not on good terms with him. (in āύ⧟)

āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž/āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
I am not on speaking terms with him.

ā§§ā§§āĨ¤ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĨ¤  May you be happy.
       āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻ“āĨ¤ May you be successful.

⧧⧍āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
     I have a bad headache.

ā§§ā§ŠāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻž āφāĻŽ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇/āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĨ¤
       A ripe (āϰāĻžāχāĻĒ) mango is sweet to the taste.
       Or, Ripe mangoes taste sweet.

      āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻž āφāĻŽ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āϟāĻ• āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤
      A green mango is sour to the taste.
      Green mangoes taste sour.

       āĻĢāϞāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇/āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĨ¤
       The fruit is sweet to the taste.

ā§§ā§ĒāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻž āϞ⧋āĻ•āĨ¤
      He is a man of repute.
     (TG āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ a reputed man āύ⧟)

ā§§ā§ĢāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ/āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϕ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ?
      What is he/she to you?

ā§§ā§ŦāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϞ?
       What did he whisper in/into your ears?
  Or, What did he whisper to you?

āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϰ āφāϞāĻŽ

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https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2020/08/effective-sentence.html
https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2022/03/all-about-completing-sentences.html
https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2020/12/rules-of-changing-voice-active-to-passive.html
https://www.bcspedia.com/2022/03/for-those-44th-bcs-is-1st-bcs.html

https://www.bcspedia.com/2022/03/gaza-strip-and-west-bank-of-palestine.html

đŸ…ģ🅰🅱🅴đŸ…ģ🆂


āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻ­āĻžāχāĻ­āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ

āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ V. V. V. I.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāύ⧋āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ

āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•

āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ

āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ

āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ + āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ

āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ

English Grammar

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞāĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āϟ

āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž

Vocabulary

āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŖāĻž

āĻĢāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ

āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻŖ

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ

āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

ICT

One Word Substitution

Redundancy āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ˛ā§āϝ (āĻĻā§‹āώ)

Spoken English

āφāχāύāĻ•āĻžāύ⧁āύ

āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻž

āφāĻĒāĻĄā§‡āϟ

āφāĻĒāĻĄā§‡āϟ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ

āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ•

āφāϞ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ ā§§ā§§ āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ-āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āωāĻĒāĻžāϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻāϟāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ

āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ

āϚāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻŖ

āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāύāĻ•

āĻœā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ

āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧀āϰāĻž

āύāĻĻ-āύāĻĻā§€

āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ (Mensuration) āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ

āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāϤāύ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻĢāϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰ

āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ“ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϧāĻžāϰāĻž

āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ

āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ

āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āϟ

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ

āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž

āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ“ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•

āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ

āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ⧀

āϏāĻĻāϰ-āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ

āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻž

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϏ

āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ

āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āύāĻĢāĻŋāωāĻļāύ

āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻĒāϤāĻŋ

āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§‹āϕ⧇āύ āχāĻ‚āϞāĻŋāĻļ

ā§Ē. āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ

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