BCS āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ -

Article

#Article
Article āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ adjective āϝāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ noun āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤
Articles are basically adjectives defining a noun as specific or unspecific. The and a/an are called articles.
Example:
The boy was standing on the
After working for a long time, a cup of tea really stimulates us.
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāϪ⧇, article “the’ a boy āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ a roof āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāϪ⧇, article “a” āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ “long time” āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ “cup of tea” āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
Classification:
In English, articles are classified into two types:
āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĻā§â€™āϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ article āφāϛ⧇:
Definite Article and
Indefinite Article
Definite Article
“The” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ definite article āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ nounāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
“The” is referred to as a definite article. It is used to modify specific or particular nouns.
Example:
I really liked the book you gave me.
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ article “the” āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϝāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤
Indefinite Article
A/an āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ indefinite article āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ noun āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ A/an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
The word a/an is called an indefinite article. A/an is used to refer to non-specific or non-particular nouns.
Example:
I am looking for a book of arts.
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ article “a” āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ arts āĻāϰ āĻŦāχāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĨ¤
I am looking for an English book.
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ article “an” āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ English āĻŦāχāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĨ¤
Use of Articles:
āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ article āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĨ¤
General and Exceptional Use of a/an:
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ consonant āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ “a” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ vowel (a, e, i , o, u) āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ “an” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
Generally, “a” is used before a word starting with a consonant to denote a non-specific thing. “An” is placed before a word that starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) to denote a non-specific thing.
Example:
I saw a dog there.
I saw an ant on the cake.
āĻāχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āφāϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϰ consonant āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāϟāĻŋ vowel āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ “a” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ “an” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
Example:
She is an honorable member of the Parliament.
My father was an honest doctor.
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ vowel āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ consonant āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ “an” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ “a” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
Example:
This is a UK based company.
This is a university where students can study in a sound environment.
General Use of “The”:
Singular/Plural noun āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ “The” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
“The” is used before singular/plural nouns to specify it.
Example:
The student I met at the library was really
The boys of this school are good at Football.
Indefinite/ Definite article before an Adjective:
āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ article āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ adjective āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ noun āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϟāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ :
Sometimes an article denotes a noun modified by an adjective. The order of the words will be as follows:
Article+ Adjective+ Noun
Example:
I saw the little girl singing in the party.
This is a small gift from
I heard an interesting news on TV.
Articles before Countable and Uncountable Nouns:
A/an āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ countable noun āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤
A/an can be used before the countable nouns only.
Example:
Give me a glass of water.
She wants a bottle of milk.
āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻž “Give me a water” /“She wants a milk” āĨ¤
“Uncountable noun” āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āφāϗ⧇ The āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž article āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤
Example:
“Give me the water” (specific water) or “Give me water” (any water).
“She bought the milk from this market.” (specific milk) Alternatively, “She bought milk from this market.” (any milk)
Never use an article before a Pronoun:
Pronoun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ article āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāĻž āĨ¤ Pronoun, noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āχ noun āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āĨ¤ Pronoun āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ noun āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āύ⧇āχ āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ āĨ¤
Articles should never be used before pronouns. Pronouns are used instead of nouns because if you use the same noun time and again, it will not sound good. A pronoun is specifying a noun, so there is no need to use an article before it. If you use, there would be a double specification which is wrong.
Example:
She is reading the my (Incorrect)
She is reading my book. (Correct)
Never use an article before Real Nouns:
Real noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ article āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāĻž āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž, āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ , āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ , āĻšā§āϰāĻĻ , āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϭ⧃āϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĨ¤
Articles should never be used before real nouns, i.e., names of people, places, countries, languages, academic subjects, mountains, lakes, islands, continents, etc.
Example:
The Argentina played really (Incorrect)
Argentina played really (Correct)
She is learning the Chinese. (Incorrect)
She is learning Chinese. (Correct)
She is good at the Mathematics. (Incorrect)
She is good at Mathematics. (Correct)
This rule has few exceptions in the following cases:
āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻāχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āφāϛ⧇:
A union of countries (āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ ) like the United States, the Netherlands etc.
A group of some lakes (āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ ) like the East African lakes, etc.
Ranges of mountains (āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϤāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž ) like the Rockies or the Andes, etc.
Island chains (āĻĻā§āĻŦā§€āĻĒāĻĒ⧁āĻžā§āϜ ) like the Hebrides, the Canary Islands, etc.
Names of oceans, seas, and rivers (āϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ, āύāĻĻā§€āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ) like the Ganges, the Pacific, the Atlantic, etc.
Points on the globe (āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ ) like the North pole, the South pole, etc.
Geographical areas (āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ ) like the East, the West, the Middle East, etc.
Peninsulas, forests, deserts, and gulfs (āωāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻŦā§€āĻĒ, āĻŦāύ , āĻŽāϰ⧁āϭ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ , āωāĻĒāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ) like the Iberian Peninsula, the Black Forest, the Sundarbans, the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, etc.
Implied Article or Zero Article:
āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ noun āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ article āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ implied article/ “zero articles” āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤
Sometimes articles are omitted before certain nouns where the article is implied but not actually visible. These implied articles are also called “zero articles”.
Example:
Let’s go for a long drive tonight. (Incorrect)
Let’s go for long drive (Correct)
The fortune favors the brave. (Incorrect)
Fortune favors the brave. (Correct)
The perseverance is a valuable quality of human (Incorrect)
Perseverance is a valuable quality of human (Correct)

https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2020/08/effective-sentence.html
https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2022/03/all-about-completing-sentences.html
https://www.englishgrammarsite.com/2020/12/rules-of-changing-voice-active-to-passive.html
https://www.bcspedia.com/2022/03/for-those-44th-bcs-is-1st-bcs.html

https://www.bcspedia.com/2022/03/gaza-strip-and-west-bank-of-palestine.html

đŸ…ģ🅰🅱🅴đŸ…ģ🆂


āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻ­āĻžāχāĻ­āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ

āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ V. V. V. I.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāύ⧋āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ

āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•

āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ

āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ

āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ + āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ

āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ

English Grammar

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞāĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āϟ

āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž

Vocabulary

āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŖāĻž

āĻĢāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ

āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻŖ

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ

āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ

ICT

One Word Substitution

Redundancy āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ˛ā§āϝ (āĻĻā§‹āώ)

Spoken English

āφāχāύāĻ•āĻžāύ⧁āύ

āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻž

āφāĻĒāĻĄā§‡āϟ

āφāĻĒāĻĄā§‡āϟ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ

āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ•

āφāϞ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ ā§§ā§§ āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ-āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āωāĻĒāĻžāϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻāϟāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ

āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ

āϚāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻŖ

āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāύāĻ•

āĻœā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ

āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧀āϰāĻž

āύāĻĻ-āύāĻĻā§€

āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ (Mensuration) āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ

āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāϤāύ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻĢāϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰ

āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ“ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ

āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϧāĻžāϰāĻž

āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ

āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ

āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽ

āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āϟ

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ

āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž

āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ“ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•

āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ

āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ⧀

āϏāĻĻāϰ-āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ

āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻž

āϏāĻŽāĻžāϏ

āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ

āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āύāĻĢāĻŋāωāĻļāύ

āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻĒāϤāĻŋ

āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§‹āϕ⧇āύ āχāĻ‚āϞāĻŋāĻļ

ā§Ē. āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ

ā§Ēā§Ļā§ĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧋āĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ-āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

ā§Ģ⧍ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ā§­ā§§

ā§­ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ